Leucaena Diversifolia



This is a medium- sized tree, often growing 10 to 20 m in height and 10 to 40 cm in diameter. It grows in deep, free-draining soils of mildly acid reaction. It requires 1,500-3,500 mm of annual rainfall in preferably high altitude regions with very short dry seasons mainly 1
to 3 months.
It has a protein concentrations range from 25-32 per cent.The higher tannin content of the foliage can increase bypass protein, which is important to livestock, because the protein is protected from degradation in the rumen, but available for absorption in the small intestine, which is metabolically efficient. The plant can provide fodder for up to 10 years. Cows, goats, sheep and rabbits require 5-8 kilos a day for tender meat and increased milk production of between 1 and three litres a day.

Sesbania


Also known as the humming bird tree, Sesbania is a fast-growing tree, up to 3 to 5 metres. The tree thrives in full sun and is extremely frost sensitive. It grows in a wide range of soils from loose sands to
heavy clays and also tolerates saline soils and flooding. It is tolerant of cool highland-tropical or sub-tropical conditions, growing at up to 2,300 m altitude in Kenya.
With appropriate cutting, it persists for up to 5 years. It can be cut after the plant reaches 1-2 m in height. Delaying cutting until the plant is more than 4 m tall, or low cutting to below 50 cm will result in plant deaths. More frequent cutting will decrease the lifespan of the plants. Crude protein content ranges from 25-30 per cent.

Commercial value
It can be used on its own or mixed with commercial feeds. A cow requires approximately 4-6 kilos a day. Return Sh15,000-Sh20,000 a month in milk sales returns according to documented studies.

Mulberry



The Mulberry is a deciduous tree that does well in Mediterranean climates with annual rainfalls from 1500 to 2500 mm but can adapt in drier climates. It grows well on a wide range of soils if well drained
and can tolerate some shading.
Aside from the fruit, the leaves are also highly nutritious and a valuable fodder for poultry and livestock, especially sick or high production animals such as dairy cows.
Commercial value: It conventionally costs some Sh8500 to establish a perennial pasture of Mulberry, but gives a return of Sh25,000 Sh30,000 per month from increased milk production. The tree takes 3-6 months to mature.

Lucerne/Alfalfa


A medium sized evergreen shrub that also helps with wind and water erosion control, land rehabilitation and fuel wood. It does best in high rainfall areas (350-1,600 mm a year) but can survive in areas with as low as 200 mm a year due to its deep rooting habit, but cannot survive frost.  It does well in light, well-drained sandy soils on slopes and hillsides, but also on gravels, loams, and limestones.
Trees can be pruned at the end of the first year to promote a bushy,multi-stemmed habit. The plant should be maintained at a minimum one metre. It responds well to frequent cutting, but re-growth is slow for
the first week after harvest. It can persist for up to 30 years if well managed and has been proven to meet 40-60 per cent of the nutritional requirements of animals especially of the protein responsible for increased milk production.

Commercial Value
One cow is fed 500 leaves of Tree Lucerne, which can be mixed with dairy meal or bran commercial feed or can be fed alone. A cattle consumes 6kilos in a day. It delivers an annual increase in milk production worth Sh15,000 to Sh20,000 per animal, according to research.

Layers Keeping Guidelines - Farm Enterprise Setup

Poultry keeping is a delicate enterprise and before engaging in production, it is important to have knowledge regarding husbandry aspects such as hygiene practices, disease control, vaccination program, feeding systems, housing detail and other related factors which work together to realize a profitable venture.
Information in the following areas is handy to guide on what is expected hence prepare for the challenges that may lie ahead.
Operational costs
A farmer needs to know the costs to be incurred before venturing in this business.
The major costs include: -
  1. Housing
  2. Essential farm facilities,
  3. Cost of the foundation stock,
  4. Feeding costs,
  5. Vaccination costs
Animal production in either small or large scale if not properly handled can lead to large losses due to the delicate nature of the enterprise. The owner should personally get involved in management and supervision or if the objectives are to be realized, the one who takes care should have shared interest.
Life stages
Every animal has developmental stages with specific requirements which a farmer should know and attend to accordingly and separately.
Feeding Plans & Costs 
Feeding costs are single major contributor the costs of faming. Feeds should be purchased from a reputable company. The feed should be of good quality with right proportions of the required nutrients depending on the stage of your animal. And costs such as transport may be put into consideration.
If a farmer cannot afford or if has the raw materials, with good training, he can assemble ingredients in right proportions and process them accordingly. Farmers can get trained on feed formulation in livestock production centers in their respective districts. The aim is to reduce the feed costs as much as it is practically possible and hence increase the profits.
Housing
The housing should be done right depending on the ecological conditions of where one is living to reflect the climate of the place. If not correctly done poor housing may lead to failure and frustrations due to high losses, frequent disease outbreak, below bar production level, overcrowding and poor ventilation.
The house should have a right height depending on the system adopted, right roofing, this means not construction of an expensive house but whichever structure built should have enough space, be well ventilated, capable on shielding birds from harsh weather conditions
Enterprise profitability
BUDGET 250 BIRDS LAYERS
Deep litter floor system
Density – 4 – 6 Birds/m2
ITEM UNIT                    QUANTITY               UNIT PRICE(Kshs)                TOTAL(Kshs)
Income 
Sale of egg Eggs             65,520                         10                                    655,200
Sales cull Birds                250                              300                                  75,000
Saleof bags Bags             50                                50                                     2,500
Sales of manure Tons      20                                2000                                40,000
Gross Income                                                                                        772,700
Expenditure 
Day old chicks No.          250                                100                                 25,000
Chick/Duck mash            70 kg bag 7                    3,200                               22,400
Growers Mash                70kg bag 25                    2,900                               72,500
Layers Mash                  70kg bag 18                     3,000                               54,000
Medication Birds              250                                  60                                 15,000
Kerosene                      Litres 36                            100                                  3,240
Labour                       18 months MD 300               200                                 60,000
Egg trays                          6                                   30                                       180
Charcoal                           6                                   850                                   5,100
Cost of construction                                                                                     150,000 
& equipments 
Miscellaneous                                                                                                30,000
Working capital                                                                                       392,780
Interest on Working capital                                                                             58,917
Total cost                                                                                                  451,697
Gross Margin                                                                                          321,003

Capital Recovery
Fixed Capital – Ksh. 150,000
Recovery Period – 10 years
Interest rate – 20%
Annual Capital Cost – Ksh150,000 x CRF
Ksh 150,000 x 0.2385
Ksh.35,775
Total Variable Cost Ksh.392,780+ 58,917+35,775=Ksh.487, 472
Expected Net Income – Ksh.772,700– 487, 472 = Ksh 285,228

Break Even Price/egg = 7.44
Remarks
When family labour is used Net income will Improve
12 months productivity period has been adopted
Eggs/bird to be 255 per year - Laying percentage to be 70%
Chick and Growers mortality rates to be 5%
Layers mortality to be 1%
Fowl pox vaccinate at 10-12 weeks once.
Fowl-typhoid – vaccinate at 6-8 weeks once
New Castle – vaccinate 1 week – 2-3 weeks, 8-10 weeks and every 2-3 months.
Infectious bronchitis – 1 week, 2-3 weeks
Gumboro – 1-2 weeks, 3-4 weeks
NCD + IB + 1BD (killed) – 18 – 20 week
Profitability will be realized After 2 years holding other factors of production constant

Calliandra


Part of the pea family, Calliandra is a small, thornless shrub that grows up to 12m high from direct sowing, seedlings or stem cuttings.
It is best grown alongside other crops and grows well in a wide range of soil types, from deep volcanic loams to more acidic sandy clays. It is well adapted to acid infertile soils, but will respond to fertiliser. It does not tolerate waterlogged conditions, or drought,and does not grow well on poorly drained soils.
Grows well in Central and Eastern Province, and is evergreen in humid climates, but semi-deciduous in areas with a long dry season.
The first cut can be 8-12 months after sowing, and it can be cut back to half to one metre every 2 to 3 months. Direct grazing by cattle, sheep and goats will often kill the plant, as will cutting below 30cm. But when cut and fed, the leaves and pods are rich in protein and can contribute 25 per cent of livestock diet, compared to between 8 and 10 per cent for elephant grass and nappier grass.
Calliandra can provide fodder for up to 20 years.

Commercial Value
A farmer with 1 cow and 500 calliandra as a substitute for  dairy meal will increase his net monthly income by between Sh15,000 and Sh30,000.

Fodder Shrubs to Consider in Kenya

A new breed of easy-to-grow shrubs are giving livestock 40 to 60 percent better nutrition than nappier grass, lifting the milk production of cows by up to 2 litres a day, and saving large sums on commercial feeds. The best options in Kenya and East Africa are:







How to Grow Ginger

  



Method 1 - In a Pot
  1. Purchase fresh ginger root from a grocery store or market.
  2. Soak your ginger overnight in warm water.
  3. Prepare a 14 inch wide and 12 inch deep pot with potting soil, the loose kind that doesn't pack down when it's watered, and enrich it with plenty of compost. Make sure the pot drains very well. A pot this size can comfortably hold about three pieces of ginger.
  4. Plant just below the surface of the soil, spacing the pieces evenly apart.
  5. Put the pot in an area with light shade at a temperature of 75-85*F. Cooler temperatures will stunt the plants' growth, since ginger is from hot Asia.
  6. Water lightly at first, then more heavily when shoots appear. Keep the plants dry in winter while they're dormant.
  7. In 10-12 months the plant will be mature and 2-4 feet high.
  8. Dig up new sprouts that appear in front of the main plants and either replant them somewhere else (they will form new rhizomes) or use them.


Method 2 - In the Ground
  1. Follow Steps 1 and 2 above.
  2. Find yourself an area of rich, moist, but well-drained soil that is protected from heavy winds and from temperatures below 75*F.
  3. Plant your chunk of ginger with the buds facing up.
  4. Follow Steps 5-7 above.

Lessons All Farmers and Aspiring Farmers Need to Note



Lesson 1
 Business is a passion but farming is an indispensable lifestyle that has no age limit.

Lesson 2
You cannot succeed in anything (business) that you have no passion and commitment in it my colleagues.

Lesson 3.
Trust is a KEY component in any business but always make use of your 6th sense well.

Lesson 4
 While trust is is rated as key component in any business, you must run to interrogate aperson well and know hIm before you surrender your goods. By the same fact remember that as a businessman you need to build confidence among clients and business colleagues that you are honesty and reliable otherwise one simple silly mistake may cost you public confidence which shall ultimately hit your business.

Lesson 5
 Never promise something you can't deliver. If you do current and prospective clients shall keep off your business despite your low costs..

Lesson 6
 Between price and reliability in business circles serious clients may opt in the later.

Lesson 7 
Be the master of your own ideas.Any sub ideas and comments you receive from friends are foes are just but complimentary. Not all compliments are genuine

Lesson 8 
Other people's views or advices are subordinate to yours because you are driving an agenda whose destiny and routes are only known by you and yourself.


Lesson 9 
Any setback in business is a lesson not a deterrent.

What is A Successful Agribusiness?


A successful agribusiness is that which is performing to its expectations/objectives and giving good profit returns. A number of factors are essential to making a successful agribusiness - availability of capital, market opportunities, suppliers of inputs and availability of other resources and good business planning are all essential ingredients to success in business.

In summary they include:

  1.  Pursuance of a good agribusiness opportunity
  2. Good business planning
  3.  Availability of adequate capital/credit facility
  4. Management ability/skills
  5. Use of modern business techniques
  6. Availability of adequate markets


Success in agribusiness is a personal responsibility as much as the external environmental factors may have an influence. Successful agribusinesses we see around never dropped from heaven! They are a result of great initiatives, effort and a commitment to achieve in the midst of all odds. You must be ready and proud to stand on your own and pursue what you belief is a journey to success.

This will require:

  • An eye for opportunity
  •  Appetite for hard-work
  • Discipline
  • Independence
  • Honesty
  • Creativity
  • Experience
  • Self-confidence
  • Adaptability
  • Ability to tolerate stress
  • Thirst and focus on profit


All the above factors sum into what I popularly refer to as the “business success formula”: BS = A x M x O where, BS is business success, A is ability, M is motivation and O is opportunity. What this formula implies is that for anyone to succeed in agribusiness, his/her abilities and motivation must meet with opportunity. In business, you can only get business results or profits by exploiting opportunities!

10 Things to Consider Before Quitting Your Day-Job to Become a Farmer

Here are ten things that you need to know before ditching that job to get into agribusiness:

1. You Need to Have Passion for Agriculture

Before entertaining the thought of diving into agriculture, ask yourself if you have any interest whatsoever in agriculture? The returns might sound enticing but are you the kind of person who likes plants or animals and taking care of them? Have you previously done anything to do with agriculture? Do you even have a kitchen garden? If you hate the thought of dirt on your hands, then agribusiness is not for you.

2. Identify Your Area of Interest

After assuring yourself that indeed agriculture is one of your passions, then start analyzing what area to focus on. You cannot excel in agribusiness if you are a jack of all trades. Pick one area and focus on it. If chicken farming is your thing then pursue it entirely.

3. Do Your Research

After clearly defining your area of interest, get information about it. You will require technical knowledge about that crop or livestock you have narrowed down to. You need to know the best practice(s) that will yield best results. Identify the opportunities available in your chosen field. Find out how you can strategically add value to what exists to gain an advantage over your competitors.

4. Planning

Getting into agribusiness without a business plan is like shooting your foot and later wondering why you cannot walk. Have a clear business plan and assess the risks of your business. Agribusiness has money making in it. You therefore have to treat it like any other business. Dry run planning will reduce the possibility of your venture failing.
In addition, consider all the requirements necessary to start off your business. Do you have land? If you don’t, how do you intend to acquire one? How much will it cost? How far is the land from your nearest selling point? What will be your means of transport and how much does it cost?

5. Start with the End in Mind

Market is the end in business. The primary goal of getting into agribusiness is to make profit. Before you get into any form of agribusiness, find out if there is a market for your product and seek a thorough understanding of that market. This saves you the hassle of having a product and no market for it in the long run.

6. Have Some Savings

To set up a business you need money. To get into agribusiness will also require you to invest generously before you start reaping anything. My advice is that you stay clear of loans if you can and invest your savings instead. Agribusiness is risky for a starter. You are safer investing your savings than investing money that you do not have, a.k.a loans.

7. Do not Invest all Your Life Savings

Since you are taking a risk by investing in agribusiness, you should have some money put aside in case things do not work out as planned.

8. Network

Get to know people. Make friends in the agribusiness sector both online and offline; this way you will have people to share your experience with and to learn from. Join farmer groups on Facebook, Twitter and Google Plus. Contribute to agricultural discussions online.
Most importantly, cultivate healthy relationships with your suppliers and customers.

9. Commitment

Agribusiness is just like any other business; it has its fair share of risks. In fact, I would rate it as a high risk business. You need a neat mix of tough skin and passion to survive. Numerous challenges will come your way and you have to be committed to the venture to get back on your feet every so often. Your entire crop might dry up due to a strange disease and there will be little that you can do. Your commitment to that business will drive you to continue despite such painful disappointments.

10. Have Options

Doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results is insanity. This is one of my favourite aphorisms because it’s true! If after three years you realize that you have not made any profit in your agribusiness venture, then perhaps it’s time to pitch tent elsewhere. Keep an open mind and be ready to exit when the time comes.

Capsicum - Known as Pilipili Hoho in Swahili






Commonly known in Kenya as Hoho/ Pilipili Hoho, Sweet Pepper is a niche that is yet to be fully exploited. Actually all, nearly all farming activities are heavily underutilized in Kenya with the demand for agricultural products on the rise.
Hoho does well under irrigation and in areas with an average temperature of between 15 degrees and 5 degrees. In the seed bed, capsicum takes approximately 21 days to be ready for transplanting to the farm. Here, capsicum will take approximately 90 days to mature and be ready for harvesting.
Above - a capsicum seed-bed
The recommended spacing for Hoho is 75 cm by 45 cm which means that an acre of land would accommodate roughly 10,000 plants of capsicum.   Each plant would the yield around 10 heads that means that one would be expecting around 100,000 heads in the end of the season. The market prices of capsicum would rage heavily on the size of these heads, period of time and the place where one chooses to sell their products. However, assuming that one is able to produce considerably large heads and sells them in an urban area, each head could fetch between 3-7 shillings each. This means that one can fetch between 300,000 – 700,000 shillings at the end. Colored pepper would fetch much more prices than green ones in the same market.
Above - Capsicum after transplanting from the seed-bed

For one acre, 0.5 kgs of seeds would be enough for planting if one opts to first grow them in a nursery while the same piece of land would require around 1kg of seeds if they are sown directly to the land. After the seedlings have developed four true leaves, they are then transplanted into the farm. When planting in the farm, it is necessary that one uses manure which would be around 10,000 kg per acre – this would mean that each plant gets around 2 handfuls of manure together with double super phosphate fertilizer where around 250 kg would be enough for one acre.  When they grow to around 15 cm, around 100 kg per acres of C.A.N fertilizer should be applied and double amount of the same fertilizer should be applied one month later. The total cost of production should be around 150,000 shillings for the same acre of land. Simple math gives us at least an income of 150,000 shillings from the one acre of capsicum in one season.

Above – mature capsicum plants

Above - Capsicum heads ready for picking.


Just like any other type of farming, capsicum farming in Kenya is faced by some challenges with the main ones being pests and diseases. One of them is early/late bright also called Baridi in Swahili. This one causes the leaves to fold something that hinders photosynthesis thus less production. In green houses, there is little chance of such a disease in capsicum. Some major pests in capsicum common in Kenya are spider mites that attack crops themselves, Thrips that attack flowers, and white flies.           

Dairy Goats Farming in Kenya


Dairy Goats
            These are the goats that are kept or their milk production.
Feeding
Often, feeding them is pretty much easier than feeding the other goats since they are fed on locally available fodder such as nappier grass, Calliandra, and desmondium. Also, one can feed them on maize stalks, and hay which are pretty much available. a good number of farmers have also opted to feed their goats on hydroponic fodder. However, just like any other animal, the nutritional value of the feeds provided to these goats should never be compromised. For this reason, it is necessary to provides food supplements that will ensure that the dairy goats get the necessary supplements. Some of the feeds that are very good nutritional value valuable for dairy goats are cotton seed cake, maize or rice jam, bran, and dairy meal. Also, farmers with enough land can plant sweet potatoes for their vines which provide high protein content.  
            Breeding

Breeding these goats is also not as cumbersome. There are two ways of breeding them, one being artificial insemination – which is less common in Kenya and using their males. Since goats generally have a very high libido, only a single male is enough to service up to 25 females. He-goats are introduced to the females two weeks after kidding, or 10 at the age of months. It is important that a farmer selects the best he-goat for his/her breeding purposes so as to ensure best quality. The he-goat should be left with the female goats for between 2-3 weeks to ensure that he mates with most of them. This is very good since most of the farmers goats will kid at almost same time, making it very easy for their management by the farmer. After kidding, the kids are allowed at least 1 liter of milk a day for at least 3 months, although the amount of milk can be reduced depending on the weight, with feed and supplements introduced in the second week after birth.  
Breeds
High altitude areas you need: Saanen, Toggenburg, East African Goat.
Medium altitude: German Alpine, E.A Goat, Angora Galla and Boer goat.
Low altitude: Galla, Boer and E.A.Goat
High yield Milk producers are; Alpine, Toggenburg and Saanen.
Meat producers are E.A Goat, Galla and Boer
Production
 The Alpine 2.4-4.6 litres a day (3.6%butterfat),
Toggenburg 3-5 litres a day (3.8%butterfat)
Saanen, can produce even 7 liters a day under good management
Doing an average of 5 liters a day, less the one liter for the kid one is left with 4 liters. Goat milk fetches between Ksh. 30 and Ksh. 120 depending on the place. So, if a farmer can fetch Ksh.60 for his product, he/she will get Ksh. 240 for one goat in a day. If a farmer has 10 goats, he/she can get up to Ksh. 2400 daily, and Ksh. 72,000 in a month of course, the costs of production are not factored here since these will change depending on what the farmer has.
Challenges
            Just like any other animal production venture, availability of quality feeds has been a major challenge to most farmers. Most farmers do not have a reliable supply for fodder and supplements while those who have are forced to spend huge sums of money on the same. Other challenges are diseases and pests, lack of reliable human resources, and lack of quality breeds.

            However, the biggest challenge that faces most dairy goats is the market for their milk. Although it is no longer a secrete that goat milk fetches very high prices in the market, and that it is very valuable for hospitals and HIV patients, most farmers are faced with a burden of fetching reliable market for their milk. This could be due to their low quantities of production that means that the logistics of collecting their products from their localities do not make economical sense. Also, the high price of the products makes it out of reach to the low income earners as compared with the prices of milk from cows.     

ZERO GRAZING: The Wilsam Dairies way.


In only 4 years, Willy Kirwa, the owner of Wilsam Dairies, hardly 40 years old, has worked hard to bring up the enterprise. He has literally put the farm into the limelight of what it is now. It's such a sterling work- in the last 2012 ASK Eldoret Show, he scooped 3 awards- 1st, 2nd, and 4th positions.  But his has not been an easy task... Prior to venturing into dairy farming, Willy had tried his luck in transport and crop farming. Crop farming would take forever to bring in money- about 7 months. And when it was finally harvested by end of the year, the CHRISMAS festivities took the best part, hardly leaving enough for inputs in lieu of the next season.  Transport business also failed to bring in regular income for him. By then he had his original stock of 8 cows which used to graze freely- free range to be exact. He decided to make farm visits; he visited other farmers who were doing similar work.  Talk of birds of a feather... It's in Machakos where he discovered ZERO GRAZING.
 “What you want is by your doorstep yet you do not know,” says Kirwa.

Why ZERO GRAZING?  
ZERO GRAZING improves milk production. The energy which the animal would have spent on free range is consolidated and used for milk production. The number of attendants is also reduced; they seemed to have plenty of time. And by the look of things, I must say I found them well informed and smart. I wouldn’t have noticed them had I not been told. What still amazes me is the way the animals were composed. They appeared stress free - never seemed to be taken aback by such a large team visiting. They are lovely and appealing to the eyes.  No wonder they got 3 awards and the concomitant benefits.

The farmer in Machakos was getting 35 litres of milk per cow whereas all his 8 at home gave an accumulated 30 litres. He came back home and decided to do Zero Grazing and feed his livestock exclusively on dry matter. Of the 8, he isolated 3 and put them on ZERO GRAZING while the rest were left on free range as before. The confined 3 for ZERO GRAZING refused to feed. In desperation, he brought in the other 5 who fed ravenously on the dry matter. That motivated the initial 3 to begin eating. 2 months down the line, the milk production doubled to 70 litres. And since then, things have never been the same for WILSAM Dairies. Exponential growth has been the order of the day. This he attributes to FEEDS; MANAGEMENT; BREED

 “Give me a business that gives you daily revenue by as early as 6:00 a.m. and I’ll show you milk business. How? Doing dairy farming as a business brings in income as early as 5:00 a.m. and continues throughout the day, the week, the month, and throughout the years.  In fact, it continues up to the close of business at 8:00 p.m. when the cows bid you good night”
Those were the opening words of Willy Kirwa when we, 52 farming enthusiasts, paid a visit to WILSAM Farm which he owns and manages with his wife, a farm manager and 2 farm assistants. People came from far and wide- Kisumu; Mombasa; Muranga; Ukambani; Nairobi; Nakuru; Bomet; Eldoret; Kitale; Webuye, etc. Whereas most of us were first timers, several were doing repeat visits; many more will go back again and again from what I heard...  

 Kirwa, who travels a lot, later on visited Israel where he was astounded when he found out the high cost of producing milk.  Therein, due to transport as most ingredients are imported, the costs are high. Upon critical and open thinking, it struck him that he could do dairy farming at a much cheaper cost back here in Kenya where Maize Stover, Wheat Stalks, Rice Husks are readily available locally.  According to Brian Tracey, “The key to success is action,” creativity, openness, and imagination notwithstanding. "The talent of success is nothing more than doing what you can do well; and doing well whatever you do, without a thought of fame," adds Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. And Zig Ziglar says that the skill to do comes from doing. Therefore, you must place yourself in a position to practice these skills. 

Coupled with enthusiasm, these principles work to bring about fast, predictable improvements in performance and results. The faster you learn and apply them, the faster you will move ahead.  It was Frank Tibolt who once said, “We should be taught NOT TO WAIT for inspiration to start a thing. Action always generates inspiration. Inspiration seldom generates action.”
Almost always, the creative dedicated minority has made the world better,” as Martin Luther King, Jr. observed.

All successful people are forever attempting to expand their horizons; to stretch their minds. Thomas Carlyle put it beautifully when he said, "Once the mind has been expanded by a big idea, it will never go back to its original state." Carlyle was right, when you have expanded your mind you have developed a greater awareness, and awareness is not something you can lose, asserts Bob Proctor... Willy is back in Israel for updates on the latest dairy technology; some new things have just come up. He doesn’t let anything novel pass him by- he looks for opportunities in every vista available. 

Feeds
The cows are exclusively fed on dry matter. Dry matter is more important than green matter in dairy feeds as the volume consumed is less and the water intake is enhanced. A cow which consumes 80kgs of green matter takes only 40kgs of dry matter. Then it takes 60 litres of water on average. It's worth noting that 80% of milk is composed of water!!!!!!!!!!!
The dry matter is made up of roughly chopped 
§  1  bag Bhoma Rhodes grass;
§  1 bag Wheat Straw; 
§  1 bag Maize Stover; 
§  1 bag Rice husks 
This makes up approximately 120kg of feed from the 4 bags based on an assumption of 30 kgs per bag of each input. Of these, the most critical component is the BHOMA RHODES. 
“Ideally, you should be doing 4 bags of BHOMA RHODES, but since it is expensive and we are aiming to drive down costs, we add fillers- what would be called ''waste'' material (maize stovers, rice husks, wheat straws),” says Kirwa.

These are thoroughly mixed with 2 litres of molasses in 15 litres of lukewarm water.  Thereafter the moist mixture is compacted in plastic drums. How many drums they will fill depend on drum size, muscle power and weight (compacting ability).  The use of metal drums is discouraged owing to rust. The mixture, in the drums of course, are then sealed with polythene sheet and put in the sun to ferment to maturity. It’s advisable that the chopping is medium size so as to allow for chewing rather than swallowing. This is necessary for the development and built up of rumen. The moisturised feeds become ready for consumption in three days. By then it is softer and tastier. This feed can last for long, too.

His herd of 36 animals consumes 2-2.5 drums of this in a day.  Each mature in-milk cow consumes 35 – 40 kgs daily. The maximum is about 40 kg daily for a cow that is in full milk production. Note that the quantity consumed per cow reduces owing to the animal size and status- in-milk, in-calf, expectant heifers, young calves... Calves and heifers are also fed on the same feed. Calves are only allowed to suckle from their mothers for two days after which they are introduced to artificial feeding. Solid salt lick is also provided adlib and a cow is estimated to consume between 130-150g/day. This is split up into 3 as they are milked thrice daily. 

When asked about the use of UREA to substitute for molasses in the feeds, Kirwa said that that requires much more technology than he has access to. Otherwise, the unfortunate herd deaths as have been reported elsewhere.
Water is provided adlib and at body temperature. Cows take small quantities of cold water; instead, they drink plenty of the lukewarm one. That explains why within the cowshed, the water is in the open area of the confinement.
It is advisable to Store feeds enough for your animals to last for at least a year. Use this to know the estimates required-365days x 40kgs x #cows.

Of the 18 in–milk cows, he gets between 350 and 370 litres of milk daily.
Milk producing cows are given dairy meal in addition to the dry matter. “Don’t buy dairy meal,” he warns. “Make your own”, he advises. “It has cost implications,” he adds. If he were feeding 35 cows 2kgs of dairy meal each, he would save between Kshs. 21,000 and Kshs. 26,250 monthly. This saving doubles when he gives each cow 4kgs.

Dairy meal administration
>15litres 4kgs per day
<15litres 2kgs per day

Costs
Factory made                    Homemade   Variance       Savings
2000-2250                        1400-1500    500-750       18,000-22,500

Dairy meal composition
Ingredient Quantity Availability
Cotton Seed Cake 05kg Dealers
Wheat Pollard 05kg Millers
Maize Flour 10kg Home made
Rice Germ 15kg Rice factory
Wheat Bran 18kg Millers
Maize Bran 15kg Millers
High Phosphorous 01kg Agrovet
Dairy Lime 01kg Agrovet

PS:
Lucerne can be used to substitute for COTTON SEED CAKE;
Soya is too expensive;
Sunflower fattens and this inhibits milk production. It’s instead, better for the beef cattle.  As to the much publicized fodder millet, Willy has just brought in the seeds. Until he gets it right, he doesn’t want to comment. This homemade dairy meal costs between Kshs. 1400 and 1500 per bag.

Milking
A dairy cow is milked for 10months in a year and left to dry for 2 months just before delivery. Milking at the farm is mechanized. The cows are trained and when the equipment is switched on, and gates opened, the cows literally queue to await their turns. The machine milks four cows at a go as the dairy meal is fed to the cow during process. In approximately 5 minutes the milking is complete and another lot gets in.

Breeding 
He says the best cows are the ones you breed yourself. So he serves his dairy cows using conventional semen and sexed semen. Sexed semen is used only on heifers. From his experience, sexed semen works best in heifers; >90% efficacy. He uses semen from CAIS, Worldwide Sires and ABS Semex.

Medication
Spraying of the animals is done weekly within the farm. In fact, WILSAM Dairies is like a miniature Agrovet, stocked with all kinds of animal medicine. When need arises, vets are called in and paid for the services that cannot be administered by the farm workers.

Plans  
With over 350 litres daily, it’s not so economical to operate without a chilling plant. So he plans to bring in a milk-cooler. He’s already put up a structure  for it. When that happens, he says he’ll be in a better position to negotiate with the milk processors for better terms. Besides, savings made on transport cost when the processors collect milk from his yard would also be huge financial boost for him.
Meanwhile, he intends to add 20 more cows into the herd in the next couple of months as well as build a bigger biogas plant; he had a small smaller one which he’s broken down to pave way for the bigger one. Wilsam is aiming at milking 40 cows, more cow dung, and at least 1,200 litres per day! At 30 bob per litre, we are looking at 36,000/- per day gross, or 1,080,000/- per month gross, or 12,960,000 gross per year!!

There is “Good news” for his animals. They might soon be sleeping on mattresses when he buys enough for all. He has begun bringing in these mattresses albeit gradually given the high costs involved. Meanwhile, they make do with straw on the murram floor which is comparatively warm unlike the concrete one
For the feeds’ needs, he has planted 10 acres of Bhoma Rhodes grass

Poultry 
From a humble beginning of 200 chicks, a plan hatched in flight as he came back from ISRAEL, he now has approximately 700, and a structure that can take in up to 1000 birds. His estimated daily income from this is Kshs. 1700. Within the 18 months, he gets a net of about Kshs. 300,000. He saves a minimum of Kshs. 25,000 on the homemade feeds-maize flour, maize bran, etc. There are also layers whose eggs sell for Kshs. 30 each. In 21 days these bring on board chicks.

For this farm, with an average income of about Kshs. 900,000 per month, the future is brighter than ever before.  The visit was quite an eye opener.  We came, saw and I‘m now believing in its possibility, seeing it as it is done. Everything is possible for everyone who believes.  This thing is doable!!!!!!!!!!!!!"People with the best intentions will often give you advice on why you shouldn’t take a risk because of what could happen. While some of what they say may be true, you should never allow them to get their negative anchors into your mind because, like them, you too will begin to sink. Next time this happens, throw them a life-line, and ask them what is good about their situation." - Bob Proctor